Volume-07 , Special Issue-18 , May - 2019 Go Back

This paper is describing an Arduino based Solar MPPT charge controller. It has features like: LCD display, Led Indication, Wi Fi data logging and provision for charging different USB devices. It is equipped with various protections to protect the circuitry from abnormal condition. The microcontroller used is in this controller is Arduino Nano. This design is suitable for a 50W solar panel to charge a commonly used 12V lead acid battery. You can also use other Arduino board like Pro Mini, Micro and UNO. Now a days the most advance solar charge controller available in the market is Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). The MPPT controller is more sophisticated and more expensive. It has several advantages over the earlier charge controller. It is 30 to 40 % more efficient at low temperature. But making a MPPT charge controller is little bit complex in compare to PWM charge controller. It requires some basic knowledge of power electronics. I put a lot of effort to make it simple, so that anyone can understand it easily. If you are aware about the basics of MPPT charge controller then skip the first few steps. The Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) circuit is based around a synchronous buck converter circuit. It steps the higher solar panel voltage down to the charging voltage of the battery. The Arduino tries to maximize the watts input from the solar panel by controlling the duty cycle to keep the solar panel operating at its Maximum Power Point.

MPPT, Arduino Nano, PV Solar Panel,Wifi

[1] choudhary, dhananjay and saxena, anmol ratna (2014) ‘DC-DC buck converter for MPPT of PV system’, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 4(7).
[2] Kotak, V.C. and Tyagi, P. (2013) ‘DC To DC Converter in Maximum Power Point Tracker’, International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, 2(12).
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[5]Rahman, S., Sultana, N. and Masud, Q. (2012) Design of a Charge Controller Circuit with Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) for Photovoltaic System. Thesis Report, BRAC University (2012), Available at: http://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10361/2389/Design%20of%20a%20Charge %20Controller%20Circuit.pdf.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (Accessed: 15 May 2016).
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Kiron Ghosh, Surajit Sahoo, Subhadeep Bhadra, Rounak Saha, "Implementation of MPPT Solar Charge Controller Using Arduino Nano", International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Vol.07, Issue.18, pp.256-258, 2019.

In this paper the analysis of unsymmetrical transversal faults that can occur on a three-phase networks is presented by means of Fortescue Symmetrical Component Transformation (SCT). The various types of fault are analyzed and the connections between sequence networks and the related sequence equations are used to evaluate the phase fault currents. The obtained results are compared with those obtained for three-phase and six-phase systems. The related considerations are also extended to the generic n-phase systems.

Fortesque Theorem, Symmetrical Fault, Unsymmetrical Fault, Sequence Network

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Electra, 24, pp. 139-153, 1973.
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Shubhadip Chatterjee, Afjal Khan, Tanmay Mahato, Tarun Jha, "Faults Analysis Theory and Schemes of Three-Phase Power Systems", International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Vol.07, Issue.18, pp.259-262, 2019.

With the increase in the consumption and demand of electrical energy, it has been observed that there is a great strain on the central power grid to provide the required power without compromising its security. Thus, other mode of safe and secure power transmission to the consumers, with less strain to the grid is the need of the hour. This paper is focused on the CPF analysis of a power network. We have considered the IEEE 30-Bus benchmark system for our study and have obtained the load flow characteristics based on CPF method. All the simulations are carried out using the Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT).

Weekest Bus, Power System Analysis Toolbox, Continuation Power Flow

[1] Sivanagaraju S., Sreenivasan G.“Power System Operation and Control”, 1st edition Pearson Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, 2009.
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Dipu Sarkar, Yanrenthung Odyuo, "Weakest Bus detection using CPF analysis in Power System", International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Vol.07, Issue.18, pp.263-265, 2019.

This work deals with transient and sub-transient nature of electrical parameters based classification of micro grid. Various type of models used in micro grid system using IGBT/Diodes, MOSFET / Diodes, GTO/Diodes, Ideal Switches, Switching – function based VSC, Thyristor, Diodes, Average-Model Based VSC have been studied. Different useful electrical parameters like voltage, current, active power, reactive power, etc have been monitored and their sub transient and transient behavior have been analyzed at normal load condition. Based on the observation, attempt has been taken to classify different types of present day micro grid systems with respect to sub-transient and transient nature of those useful electrical parameters. The study may be useful for modeling, synchronization, protection and performance analysis of various micro grid systems.

Classification, micro-grid, sub-transient, transient

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[8] Saeed Anwar, AliElrayyah and Yilmaz Sozer, “Harmonics elimination and distribution using decentralized control for microgrid applications”, - Energytech, 2013, IEEE Xplore: Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4673-4444-9, INSPEC Accession Number: 13867164, 2013.
[9] Snehamoy Dhar & Pradipta Kishore Dash,“Performance analysis of a new fast negative sequence power injection oriented islanding detection technique for photovoltaic based voltage source converter based micro grid operation”-IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution ( Volume: 9, Issue: 15, 11 19 2015, Page(s): 2079 – 2090, 2015.
[10] Dinesh Kumar & Firuz Zare, “Harmonic Analysis of Grid Connected Power Electronic Systems in Low Voltage Distribution Networks”, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics Volume: 4, Issue: 1, Page(s): 70 - 79, INSPEC Accession Number: 15754626, 2016.
[11] Blessy Sabu & Anns George, “Harmonic mitigation in minigrid integrated distributed power system”, Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies (ICCPCT), 2016 International Conference on, Date of Conference: 18-19, Added to IEEE Xplore: 04, INSPEC Accession Number: 16195204, 2016.
[12] Kai Yu, Qian Ai, Shiyi Wang, Jianmo Ni, Tianguang Lv “Analysis and Optimization of Droop Controller for Microgrid System Based on Small-Signal Dynamic Model”,-IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid (Volume: 7, Issue: 2, Page(s): 695 - 705, INSPEC Accession Number: 15786882, Date of Publication: 24 November 2015.
[13] Shailendra Singh, Rohit Kumar Verma, Ashish Kumar Shakya, Satyendra Pratap Singh, “ Frequency stability analysis of hybrid power system based on solar PV with SMEs unit, Emerging Trends in Electrical Electronics & Sustainable Energy Systems (ICETEESES)”, International Conference , Venue: Kamla Nehru Institute Of Technology, Sultanpur, India, 2016.
[14] Rashad M. Kamel “New inverter control for balancing standalone micro-grid phase voltages: A review on MG power quality improvement”,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews-Elsevier, September 2016
[15] Pritha Roy, J. N. Bera, S. Chowdhuri & G. Sarkar “ Synchronization aspects of single phase SPWM inverters for microgrid mode of operation”, Control, Instrumentation, Energy & Communication (CIEC), 2nd International Conference, IEEE Xplore: 18 July 2016, INSPEC Accession Number: 16156428, Date of Conference: 28-30 Jan. 2016.
[16] Mohammad Golsorkhi, Mehdi Savaghebi, Dylan Lu, Josep Guerrero, Juan Vasquez “A GPS- Based Control Framework for Accurate Current Sharing and Power Quality Improvement in Microgrids”, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics (Volume: PP, Issue: 99) Page(s): 1 - 1 Date of Publication: 07 September 2016.
[17] Alireza Kahrobaeian and Yasser Abdel-Rady I. Mohamed, “Interactive Distributed Generation Interface for Flexible Micro-Grid Operation in Smart Distribution Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy (Volume: 3, Issue: 2, Page(s): 295 - 305, Date of Publication: 19 March 2012.
[18] Weiqiang Chen, Ali M. Bazzi, James Hare, Shalabh Gupta “Real-time integrated model of a micro-grid with distributed clean energy generators and their power electronics”, Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2016 IEEE (USA), INSPEC Accession Number: 15987282, Date of Conference:20-24 March 2016.
[19] Haidar Samet “Evaluation of digital metering methods used in protection and reactive power compensation of micro-grids”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 62, Pages 260–279, Publisher: Elsevier, Date: September 2016.
[20] T. K. Das, A. Banik, S. Chattopadhyay, A. Das, “Sub-harmonics based String Fault Assessment in Solar PV Arrays”, Modelling and Simulation in Science, Technology and Engineering Mathematics – Proceedings of International conference on Modeling and Simulation(MS-17), ISBN-9783319748078, computer science, ISSN-21945357, paper ID-132, Kolkata, India, 4th -5th November, 2017.
[21] T. K. Das, S. Chattopadhyay, A. Das, “Load Bus Symmetrical Fault Analysis in Microgrid System”, Lectures on Modelling and Simulation (AMSE), ISSN-1961-5086, pp 151-162, France, November, 2017.
[22] T. K. Das, S. Chattopadhyay, A. Das, “Line to Line Short Circuit Fault Diagonisis in Photo-Voltaic Array based Microgrid System”, Modelling Measurement and Control, Series A. General Physics and Electrical Application (AMSE) , ISSN-1259-5985, pp 341-352, France, November, 2017.

Tapash Kr. Das, Ayan Banik, Surajit Chattopadhyay, Arabinda Das, "Transient and Sub-transient Electrical Parameters based Classification of Micro Grids", International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Vol.07, Issue.18, pp.266-272, 2019.

Planting trees is a great thing. But sometimes it becomes quite difficult for us to supply them water in the right time so when we are outside home then to keep them alive. So to solve this kind of situation, we have developed a model which can water trees by itself from water reservoir. In this paper we have implemented soil moisture sensor which can detects the humidity level of the soil. Here we have used Arduino Uno in which ATmega328P microcontroller controls the whole system. In this paper the soil moisture sensor will detect the moisture level of a particular area and whether there is any need of water or not. Depending on the soil moisture sensor signal, the Arduino Board command the pump to water the soil still not it reaches to its desired moisture level. After that it will be de-activated again by the command of Arduino Uno. Here to control the signal of activation of the mini water pump we use D.H. Motor Driver Board. So here the construction will help people to water their garden in the case when they are outside home.

Monitoring, Soil Moisture, Microcontroller

[1] S. V. Devika, SK. Khamuruddeen et aI., "Arduino based automated plant watering system" in International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, Volume 4, Issue 10, October 2014.
[2] Jonathan Gana Kolo, "Design and Construction of an Automatic Power Changeover Switch" in AU Journal of Technology, 11(2): (Oct. 2007).
[3] S. Darshna et aI., "Smart Irrigation System" in IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR JECE), Volume 10, Issue 3, Ver. II (May -Jun.2015).
[4] Jesper Sandberg and Thomas Kockholm, ``iPlant: Inteligent Plant System", in SPCL-2012 - Report.
[5] Vinay Bakale and SiddheshTolakar,"Wireless Automatic Plant Irrigation System", International Journal on Recent Technologies in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering.
[6] Sanju kumar, and R.V. Krishnaiah, "Advance Technique for Soil Moisture Content Based Automatic Motor Pumping for Agriculture Land Purpose". International Journal of VLSI and Embedded Systems- IJVES, Vol 04, Article 09149; September 2013, pp 599-603.

Soham Datta, Amrita Saha, Debabrata Paul, Roni Jana, Amartya Roy, "Real Time Monitoring of Soil Moisture for Automatic Plant Watering System", International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Vol.07, Issue.18, pp.273-276, 2019.

For a developing country like India, scarcity of energy brings an impact in the development of the country. In India, Energy Demand is always more than the Energy Generated, due to the wastage of energy that is wasted in our daily life . In order to meet the energy need in a particular region some other region is being deprived from the Electrical Energy Supply . The monitoring of proper utilization of energy can contribute in the development of our country. Energy Audit is an analysis indicating how energy can be reduced and the study evaluate the energy consumption and to minimize the wastage of energy by implementing several techniques in our surrounding. Huge amount of energy gets wasted in industries, firms and educational institutes a huge amount of energy consumed in these area are comparatively more than that used in domestic need. The energy audit report draws the need for the organization to monitor its energy need and to reduce the demand and to make a cost effective system as it will also reduce the expense of the organization and will benefit the society as well as the organization.

Energy conservation , Energy Audit, Energy Demand, Bill Study

[1] Urmil Desai ; Jaynesh Patel ; Jay Patel ; Ankur Rana ; Darshan Vora “Electrical energy audit in a UkaTarsadia University — A case study”, 2017 International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICEI), pp.86-89, 2017.
[2] Parash Goyal ; B.Shiva Kumar ; K. Sudhakar, “Energy audit: A case study of energy centre and Hostel of MANIT, Bhopal”, 2013 International Conference on Green Computing, Communication and Conservation of Energy (ICGCE), pp. 644-648, 2013.
[3] Mandar S. Isasare ; Swapnil A. Zadey, “A case study: Energy audit at AVBRH, Sawangi (M), Wardha”, 2016 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT), pp.1745-1749, 2016.
[4] Nissanga Nishad Rasanajan Mendis ; Nisal Perera, “Energy Audit: A Case Study”, 2006 International Conference on Information and Automation, pp.45-50, 2006.
[5] P.S. Magdum ; S.R. Lokhande ; P.M. Maskar ; I.D. Pharne, “A case study: Energy audit at commercial and educational building”, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Power, Control, Signals and Instrumentation Engineering (ICPCSI), pp.1360-1364, 2017.

S. Mondal, A. Saha, S. Ghosh, F. Fatma, M. Fatima, P.K. Debsarma, P. Bhuinya, P. Routh, A.Roy , "Energy Audit in a College Building – A Case Study", International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Vol.07, Issue.18, pp.277-280, 2019.

The unremitting drive for faster and smaller devices has also imposed stringent technological constraints on the associated silicon technology. An increased sensitivity to variability in process conditions as well as a need for ultra sharp doping profile has led to the search for alternatives to the conventional Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Field Effect Transistor (FET) . An obvious alternative is a device architecture that does not have any junctions in the source-channel-drain path. Amongst many advanced MOSFET structures, the Junction-less transistor (JLT) is one such structure which mitigates these requirements while reducing short channel effects because of its excellent scalability. For widespread application in today’s high-speed circuits a key factor would be its effectiveness as a switch. In this work we have studied the relative sensitivity of transient parameters namely the ION/IOFF ratio and gate capacitance have been calculated to variations in several structural parameters of the device namely channel width and doping concentration of the channel. In order to suppress the gate leakage current with continuous thinning of gate oxide layer, gate oxide with high-k materials are being used as a possible solution in MOSFETs. However high-k materials like HfO2 lead to a degradation in mobility due to surface roughness scattering. Therefore we have studied the effect of SiO2 , HfO2 and a gate stack of same EOT and found the gate stack to give a much improved switching performance.

JLT, gate stack, Switching ,ION/IOFF ratio, EOT

[1] International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). Available at hppt://www.itrs.net.
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[7] J.-P. Colinge, C.-W. Lee, A. Afzalian, N. D. Akhavan, R. Yan, I. Ferain, P. Razavi, B. O’Neill, A. Blake, M. White, A.-M. Kelleher, B. McCarthy, and R. Murphy, “Nanowire transistors without junctions,” Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 225–229, Mar. 2010
[8] S Ghosal “ A Study on sensitivity of ION/IOFF ratio of JLT to structural parameters “ in the Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Electron Device Kolkata Conference Vol.6(9), Sep 2018, E-ISSN: 2347-2693
[9] J. P. Colinge, C. W. Lee, N. DehdashtiAkhavan, R. Yan, I. Ferain,P. Razavi, A. Kranti and R. Yu “Junctionless Transistors: Physics and Properties” Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011.
[10] J.-P. Colinge, C.-W. Lee, I. Ferain, N. D. Akhavan, R. Yan, P. Razavi, R. Yu, A. N. Nazarov, and R. T. Doria, “Reduced electric field in junctionless transistors,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 96, no. 7, p. 073510, Feb. 2010
[11] Atlas User’s Manual by Silvaco International
[12] S.Sil, M.Sil, Mallik A “Comparison of Logic performance of CMOS Circuits implemented with Junctionless and Inversion- Mode Fin-FETs” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices,2017,64(3),pp.953-959.
[13] R.Trevisoli, R.Doria, M.deSouza, Pavanello “Threshold voltage in junctionless nanowire Transistors”SemicondSci.Technol. Vol26 ,no.10,(2011).
[14] J. Zhang, J. S. Yuan, and Y. Ma, “Modeling short channel effect on high-k and stacked-gate MOSFETs,” Solid-State Electronics, vol. 44, no. 11, pp.2089 – 2091, 2000.
[15] D. D. Zhao, C. H. Lee, T. Nishimura, K. Nagashio, G. A. Cheng, and A. Toriumi, “Experimental and Analytical Characterization of Dual-Gated Germanium Junctionless p-Channel Metal–Oxide– Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 04DA03-1-04DA03-7, Apr. 2012Symposium on Colossal Big Data Analysis and Networking Security, Canada, pp.111-117, 2015.

S. Ghosal, A. Sikdar, D. Ghosh, "A Study of the effect of composite dielectric on the switching behaviour of Junction less Transistor", International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Vol.07, Issue.18, pp.281-285, 2019.

in this article, the design of micro grid in islanded mode and droop control of micro grid have been studied. Combination of loads with local generator units is termed as micro grid. It can work either in Grid connected mode or in Islanded mode. Control of micro grid is an important aspect in study of micro grids. There are several methods to control a micro grid. (Among them Droop control deals with change of active and reactive power with change in frequency and supply voltage respectively). Our aim is to design an islanded mode micro grid and to study its variations in active and reactive power with frequency and voltage in MATLAB SIMULINK environment. Thus the following article covers the importance of emerging micro grid technology, the concept of a micro grid and its main components and design of a model of a micro grid in Islanding mode using Mat lab /Simulink software, this is achieved by designing two Voltage Source Inverters (VSI) with a LCL filter to obtain a ripple free, sinusoidal output voltage and current waveform. This article also focuses on paralleling of two inverters supplying a single phase load and sharing of active and reactive power, and then the basic control strategy for parallel operation, and analysis of power distribution and stability are discussed.

Droop Control, Islanded Mode Micro grid, Simulation Design of Micro grid

[1]. L.K. Sahoo, N.D. Thakur, K.Rai, P. Sensarma, R.D. Jha, P.. Mohanty, A Sharma, A.S. Srinidhi, A. Chaurey“ Synchronization And Operation Of Parallel Inverters Using Droop Control” in 8th international conference on power electronics – ECCE asia May 30-June 3, 2011, The ShillaJeju, Korea.
[2]. Chih-Chiang Hua, Kuo – An Liao, Jong- Rong Lin in “ Parallel Operation Of Inverters For Distributed Photovoltaic Power Supply System ”
[3]. Xing Huang,XinminJin, Tianyi Ma, Yibin Tong in “ a voltage and frequency droop control method for microsources”
[4]. Jie Feng Hu, Jian Guo, Glenn Zhu Platt “ A Droop Control Strategy Of Parallel-Inverter- Based Microgrid”in IEEE International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices Sydney, Australia, December 14-16, 2011
[5]. T.Loix, K. De Brabandere, J. Driesen, R. Belmans “A Three Phase Voltage And Frequency Droop Control Scheme For Parallel Inverters” in The 33rd Annual Conference Of The IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON), Nov 5-8, 2007, Taipei, Taiwan

D. Upadhaya, G. Roy, "Study of Droop Control Method of Islanded Mode Microgrid", International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Vol.07, Issue.18, pp.286-290, 2019.

The paper aims in integration of daylight and artificial lighting simulation for efficient lighting scheme in order to save energy as almost 30% to 40% of our energy consumption depends upon lighting scheme. A room with known dimension is designed in DIALux and is mounted with fluorescent tubular lamp to light up the room and to maintain considered average illuminance and uniformity of the classroom remaining uniform throughout the room and the artificial lights are accordingly grouped in different control groups with different dimming values in order to maintain uniformity and save energy from the throughout system. The simulation is done using DIALux and lighting parameters ( Eavg, Emin, Emax and uniformity) are obtained from the isoline diagram and electrical parameters (Wattage) are obtained. The daylight is allowed to enter the room and accordingly artificial light is controlled leading to energy efficient Lighting Controller where the dimming values of the lamps changes with the change in intensity of the daylight as it is dynamic in nature. Data is obtained for three different time of the year with different sky conditions viz. Overcast Sky, Clear Sky and Mixed sky.

Iso - Lux Counture, Light Scene, Control Group, DIALux, Day Light, Artificial Light

[1] Dheeraj Bansal, Munish Kumar, Nilanjan Dutta, Hammadur Rahman, Avijit Singha, Md. Akhtar Alam, Amartya Roy, “Integration of Artificial & Day Light to Reduce Energy Demand”, Luminescence-2017, National Student Congress on Illumination, Kolkata, India, 2017.
[2] Gaspare Boscarino, Mehrdad Moallem, “Daylighting Control and Simulation for LED-Based Energy-Efficient Lighting Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Vol.12, Issue.1, pp.301-309, 2016.
[3] Sutapa Mukherjee, “Simulation of daylight and artificial lighting integration and energy savings”, Environmental and Earth Sciences Research Journal, Vol.4, Issue.1, pp.17-22, 2017.
[4] Ranjit Singh Sarban Singh, Ahamed Fayeez Tuani Ibrahim, Sani Irwan MD Salim, Wong Yan Chiew, “Door Sensors for Automatic Light Switching System” 2009 Third UKSim European Symposium on Computer Modeling and Simulation, Athens, Greece, pp.574-578, 2009.
[5] Ying-Wen Bai, Yi-Te Ku, “Automatic room light intensity detection and control using a microprocessor and light sensors”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol.54, Issue.3, pp.1173-1176, 2008.
[6] Jayashri A.Bangali, Arvind D.Shaligram, “Energy Efficient Lighting Control System Design For Corridor illumination”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol.3, Issue.4, pp.1-6, 2012.

Ananya Brota Mitra, Amrita Saha, Roni Jana, Amartya Roy, "Design of DIALux Based Lighting Controller for Energy Savings", International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Vol.07, Issue.18, pp.291-296, 2019.

In the paper we have developed a model classroom to use artificial light with respect to the incoming daylight with a purpose to save energy. The classroom is assumed to be divided into two parts according to the no. of occupant present and the region of operation will vary according to the presence of occupant in the working plane. Different sensors are used to obtain several data like Infrared sensor, Light sensor, occupancy sensor to obtain no. of occupant, daylight and region of presence of occupant. A microcontroller is used to which is connected with the sensors to obtain the input data and sends the data as an output to the relay which is connected with the load. The relay will operate according to the sensor values and will be displayed in the LCD display. The presence of occupant will turn on the load depending on the lux value and will turn off if the occupant leaves. From the above paper we can save energy and utilize daylight.

Daylight, Artificial Light, Energy Efficient, Light Sensor, Occupancy Sensor, Infrared Sensor, Microcontroller

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Amrita Saha, Debabrata Paul, Roni Jana, Soham Datta, Amartya Roy, "Design and Development of Energy Efficient Lighting Controller", International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Vol.07, Issue.18, pp.297-300, 2019.